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Linux Foundation Certified Kubernetes Application Developer Exam Sample Questions (Q122-Q127):
NEW QUESTION # 122
You are building a microservices application with two services, 'user-service' and 'order-service'. Both services have dedicated Dockerfiles for building their container images. You want to optimize the image build process by minimizing the size of the final images. You also want to ensure that the image build process is reproducible and reliable. How can you achieve these goals using Dockerfile best practices and multi-stage builds?
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Use Multi-Stage Builds:
- Define two stages in your Dockerfile: a 'build' stage for compiling dependencies and a 'runtime stage for running the final application.
- Copy only the essential files and dependencies from the 'builds stage to the 'runtime' stage.
dockerfile
FROM golang:1.18 as build
WORKDIR /app
COPY . .
RUN go mod download
RUN go build -o user-service .
FROM alpine:latest as runtime
COPY --from-build lapp/user-service fuser-service
CMD ["/user-service"]
2. Minimize Image Size:
- Use a minimal base image: 'alpine:latest' is a lightweight Linux distribution.
- Remove unnecessary files: Use SRIJN apt-get clean' to remove package cache.
- Leverage Docker layers: Separate build steps to minimize the number of layers recreated during subsequent builds.
- Use 'COPY instead of 'ADDS: 'COPY' avoids unpacking archives, making the image smaller.
- Install only required dependencies: use package managers to install only the necessary libraries and tools.
3. Reproducibility and Reliability:
- Define a clear build context: use a ' .dockerignore' file to exclude unnecessary files from the build context.
- Leverage Docker caching: Arrange Dockerfile instructions to maximize the use of cacned layers.
- Use 'go mod vendor to vendor dependencies for improved build reproducibility.
- Use a consistent environment for building images: I-Jse a Dockerfile builder image that is compatible with the development environment.
4. Implement for Both Services:
- Apply the same best practices to the 'order-service' Dockerfile.
- Create a separate Dockerfile for each service and use consistent naming conventions (e.g.
'Dockerfile.user-service', 'Dockerfile-order-service').
5. Test and Validate.
- Build and push the images to a registry-
- Run the services in a Kubernetes cluster and verify their functionality.
- Measure image sizes to confirm that tne optimization efforts nave been successful.
By implementing these steps, you can create smaller, more reproducible, and reliable Docker images for your microservices, leading to faster build times and more efficient deployments.,
NEW QUESTION # 123
You have a Deployment running a web application that is scaling dynamically based on traffic. However, the application occasionally experiences Slow response times during peak traffic periods. You suspect that the pods are being scheduled on nodes that are already under pressure. To improve the performance, you want to implement node affinity, ensuring that pods are scheduled on nodes with specific labels that indicate high resources and low utilization.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Define Node Labels:
- Identify nodes with high resources and low utilization.
- Label these nodes with a specific label like 'high-resource':
bash
kubectl label nodes node-name high-resource=true
2. Configure Node Affinity in Deployment
- Update tne Deployment YAML to include node affinity rules.
- preferredDuringSchedulinglgnoredDuringExecution: This affinity rule indicates a preference for scheduling pods on nodes with specific labels. It doesn't prevent scheduling on other nodes if preferred nodes are unavailable.
3. Apply the Deployment Configuration: - Apply the updated Deployment configuration to your Kubernetes cluster: bash kubectl apply -f my-web-app-deployment.yaml 4. Monitor Pod Scheduling: - Use 'kubectl get pods -l app=my-web-app' to monitor the pod scheduling. - Verity that the pods are being scheduled on nodes with the 'high-resource' label.
NEW QUESTION # 124
You have a Deployment named 'wordpress-deployment' that runs 3 replicas of a WordPress container. The container image is pulled from a private registry with authentication credentials stored in a secret called 'registry-credentials' _ Implement a strategy to ensure that only one replica of the Deployment is updated at a time, and the update process is triggered automatically whenever a new image is pushed to the private registry with the tag 'wordpress:latest'
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Secret for Registry Credentials:
- Replace with the base64 encoded content of your dockerconfigjson file containing the registry credentials. 2 Update the Deployment YAML:
- Replace 'your-registry-com' with your private registry address. - Ensure the 'imagePullSecrets' section references tne 'registry-credentials' secret. - Configure the 'strategy-type' to 'Rollingupdate', and 'strategy-rollingl-lpdate.maxunavailable' to ' 1 ' to allow only one replica to be unavailable during the update. - Set 'imagePullPolicy' to 'Always' to ensure the new image is pulled every time. 3. Apply the Updated YAML: bash kubectl apply -f wordpress-deploymentyaml 4. Verify the Deployment bash kubectl get deployments wordpress-deployment 5. Trigger the Automatic Update: - Push a new image with the tag 'wordpress:latest' to your private registry. 6. Monitor the Deployment - Use 'kubectl get pods -l app=wordpress' to monitor the pod updates during the rolling update process. 7. Check for Successful Update: - After the update is complete, run 'kubectl describe deployment wordpress-deployment' to verify that the 'updatedReplicaS matcnes the 'replicas' field. Now, whenever a new image tagged 'wordpress:latest' is pushed to your private registry, Kubernetes will automatically trigger a rolling update for the 'wordpress-deployment , updating one replica at a time while ensuring availability.,
NEW QUESTION # 125
You are building a data processing pipeline that involves multiple steps. Each step is implemented as a separate container image. The pipeline snould run only once, and it should nandle errors gracefully by retrying failed steps. How can you design this pipeline using Kubernetes Jobs, and how would you handle error handling and retries?
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Define a Pipeline with Multiple Jobs:
- Create a Job for each stage in your data processing pipeline.
- Each Job should have a dedicated container image specific to its processing step.
2. Implement Error Handling:
- Retry Mechanism Use the 'backoffLimit' and 'retries' settings within each Job's 'spec-template-spec-containers' to specify the number of retries and the delay between retries for each step.
- Error Logging: Ensure each Job logs errors to a centralized location (e.g., a persistent volume) for debugging and analysis. You can use a sidecar container to collect and process logs.
3. Chain Jobs:
- Use a Kubernetes 'Job' to chain the individual steps, ensuring that each step runs successfully before moving to the next.
- For example, use a script within the first Job's container to trigger the next Job once it completes.
4. Example Code (Simplified):
5. Execute the Pipeline: - Run the first Job ('data-extraction'). - If it fails, it will retry up to 'backoffLimit' times. - Once successful, it can trigger the second Job ('data-transformation') using a script in its container or by creating a dependent Job. 6. Monitoring and Logging: - Use Kubernetes dashboards to monitor the progress of each Job. - Check logs for error messages and debug failures. - Implement a centralized logging solution to collect logs from all Jobs. Note: For more complex pipelines, you can consider using tools like Argo Workflows or Tekton Pipelines for more advanced orchestration and error handling capabilities.,
NEW QUESTION # 126
Exhibit:
Context
A project that you are working on has a requirement for persistent data to be available.
Task
To facilitate this, perform the following tasks:
* Create a file on node sk8s-node-0 at /opt/KDSP00101/data/index.html with the content Acct=Finance
* Create a PersistentVolume named task-pv-volume using hostPath and allocate 1Gi to it, specifying that the volume is at /opt/KDSP00101/data on the cluster's node. The configuration should specify the access mode of ReadWriteOnce . It should define the StorageClass name exam for the PersistentVolume , which will be used to bind PersistentVolumeClaim requests to this PersistenetVolume.
* Create a PefsissentVolumeClaim named task-pv-claim that requests a volume of at least 100Mi and specifies an access mode of ReadWriteOnce
* Create a pod that uses the PersistentVolmeClaim as a volume with a label app: my-storage-app mounting the resulting volume to a mountPath /usr/share/nginx/html inside the pod
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 127
......
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