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Exam CWAP-404 Quick Prep & Valid Study CWAP-404 Questions

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CWNP CWAP-404 Exam Topics:

Section
Objectives

Protocol Analysis - 15%

Capture 802.11 frames using the appropriate methods
- Select capture devices

Laptop protocol analyzers
APs, controllers, and other management solutions
Specialty devices (hand-held analyzers and custom-built devices)

- Install monitor mode drivers
- Select capture location(s)
- Capture sufficient data for analysis
- Capture all channels or capture on a single channel as needed
- Capture roaming events

Understand and apply the common capture configuration parameters available in protocol analysis tools
- Save to disk
- Packet slicing
- Event triggers
- Buffer options
- Channels and channel widths
- Capture filters
- Channel scanning and dwell time

Analyze 802.11 frame captures to discover problems and find solutions
- Use appropriate display filters to view relevant frames and packets
- Use colorization to highlight important frames and packets
- Configure and display columns for analysis purposes
- View frame and packet decodes while understanding the information shown and applying it to the analysis process
- Use multiple adapters and channel aggregation to view captures from multiple channels
- Implement protocol analyzer decryption procedures
- View and use a capture’s statistical information for analysis
- Use expert mode for analysis
- View and understand peer maps as they relate to communications analysis

Utilize additional tools that capture 802.11 frames for analysis and troubleshooting
- WLAN scanners and discovery tools
- Protocol capture visualization and analysis tools
- Centralized monitoring, alerting, and forensic tools

Ensure appropriate troubleshooting methods are used with all analysis types
- Define the problem
- Determine the scale of the problem
- Identify probable causes
- Capture and analyze the data
- Observe the problem
- Choose appropriate remediation steps
- Document the problem and resolution

Spectrum Analysis - 10%

Capture RF spectrum data and understand the common views available in spectrum analyzers
- Install, configure, and use spectrum analysis software and hardware
- Capture RF spectrum data using handheld, laptop-based, and infrastructure spectrum capture solutions
- Understand and use spectrum analyzer views

Real-time FFT
Waterfall, swept spectrogram, density, and historic views
Utilization and duty cycle
Detected devices
WLAN integration views

Analyze spectrum captures to identify relevant RF information and issues
- RF noise floor in an environment
- Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for a given signal
- Sources of RF interference and their locations
- RF channel utilization
- Non-Wi-Fi transmitters and their impact on WLAN communications
- Overlapping and non-overlapping adjacent channel interference
- Poor performing or faulty radios

Analyze spectrum captures to identify various device signatures
- Identify various 802.11 PHYs

DSSS
OFDM
OFDMA
Channel widths
Primary channel

- Identify non-802.11 devices based on RF behaviors and signatures

Frequency hopping devices
IoT devices
Microwave ovens
Video devices
RF Jammers
Cordless phones

Use centralized spectrum analysis solutions
- AP-based spectrum analysis
- Sensor-based spectrum analysis

PHY Layers and Technologies - 10%

Understand and describe the functions of the PHY layer and the PHY protocol data units (PPDUs)
- DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
- HR/DSSS (High Rate/Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
- OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
- ERP (Extended Rate PHY)
- HT (High Throughput)
- VHT (Very High Throughput)
- HE (High Efficiency)

HE SU PPDU
HE MU PPDU
HE ER SU PPDU
HE TB PPDU
HE NULL data packets

Apply the understanding of PHY technologies, including PHY headers, preambles, training fields, frame aggregation, and data rates, to captured data

Identify and use PHY information provided within pseudo-headers in protocol analyzers
- Pseudo-Header formats

Radiotap
Per Packet Information (PPI)

- Key pseudo-header content

Guard intervals
Resource units allocation
PPDU formats
Signal strength
Noise
Data rate and MCS index
Length information
Channel center frequency or received channel
Channel properties

Recognize the limits of protocol analyzers to capture PHY information including NULL data packets and PHY headers

Use appropriate capture devices based on proper understanding of PHY types
- Supported PHYs
- Supported spatial streams

MAC Sublayer and Functions - 25%

Understand frame encapsulation and frame aggregation
- Frame aggregation (A-MSDU and A-MPDU)

Identify and use MAC information in captured data for analysis
- Management, Control, and Data frames
- MAC frame formats and contents

Frame Control field
To DS and From DS fields
Address fields
Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field

- 802.11 Management frame formats

Information Elements
Authentication
Association and Reassociation
Beacon
Prove Request and Probe Response

- Data and QoS Data frame formats
- 802.11 Control frame formats

Acknowledgement (ACK)
Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS)
Block Acknowledgement and related frames
Trigger frames
VHT/HE NDP announcements
Multiuser RTS

Validate BSS configuration through protocol analysis
- Country code
- Minimum basic rate
- Supported rates and coding schemes
- Beacon interval
- WMM settings
- RSN settings
- HT/VHT/HE operations
- Channel width
- Primary channel
- Hidden or non-broadcast SSIDs

Identify and analyze CRC error frames and retransmitted frames

WLAN Medium Access - 10%

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CWNP Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Sample Questions (Q145-Q150):

NEW QUESTION # 145
What Interframe space would be expected between a CTS and a Data frame?

A. DIFS
B. PIFS
C. SIFS
D. AIFS

Answer: C

Explanation:
The interframe space that would be expected between a CTS (Clear to Send) and a Data frame is SIFS (Short Interframe Space). A SIFS is the shortest interframe space that is used for high- priority transmissions, such as ACKs (Acknowledgements), CTSs, or data frames that are part of a fragmentation or aggregation process. A SIFS is a fixed value that depends on the PHY type and channel width. A CTS and a Data frame are part of a virtual carrier sense mechanism called RTS/CTS (Request to Send/Clear to Send), which is used to avoid collisions and hidden node problems in wireless transmissions. When a STA (station) wants to send a data frame, it first sends an RTS frame to the intended receiver, indicating the duration of the transmission. The receiver then responds with a CTS frame, also indicating the duration of the transmission. The other STAs in the vicinity hear either the RTS or the CTS frame and update their NAV (Network Allocation Vector) timers accordingly, deferring their access to the medium until the transmission is over. The sender then sends the data frame after waiting for a SIFS, followed by an ACK frame from the receiver after another SIFS. The other options are not correct, as they are not used between a CTS and a Data frame. A PIFS (PCF Interframe Space) is used for medium access by the PCF (Point Coordination Function), which is an optional and rarely implemented polling-based mechanism that provides contention-free service for time-sensitive traffic. An AIFS (Arbitration Interframe Space) is used for medium access by different ACs (Access Categories), which are logical queues that correspond to different QoS (Quality of Service) levels for different types of traffic. An AIFS is a variable interframe space that depends on the AIFSN (Arbitration Interframe Space Number) value of each AC. A DIFS (Distributed Interframe Space) is used for medium access by the DCF (Distributed Coordination Function), which is the default and mandatory contention-based mechanism that provides best-effort service for normal traffic.

NEW QUESTION # 146
What is the difference between a Data frame and a QoS-Data frame?

A. QoS Data frames include a DSCP control field
B. QoS Data frames include an 802.1Q VLAN tag
C. QoS Data frames include a QoS control field
D. QoS Data frames include a QoS information element

Answer: C

Explanation:
The difference between a Data frame and a QoS-Data frame is that QoS Data frames include a QoS control field. A Data frame is a type of data frame that is used to carry user data or upper layer protocol data between STAs and APs. A QoS Data frame is a type of data frame that is used to carry user data or upper layer protocol data between STAs and APs that support QoS (Quality of Service) features. QoS features allow different types of traffic to be prioritized and handled differently according to their QoS requirements, such as delay, jitter, throughput, etc.
QoS Data frames include a QoS control field in their MAC header, which contains information such as traffic identifier (TID), queue size (TXOP), acknowledgment policy (ACK), etc., that are used for QoS purposes. The other options are not correct, as they do not describe the difference between Data and QoS Data frames.
QoS Data frames do not include a DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point) control field, which is part of the IP header in the network layer, not the MAC header in the data link layer. QoS Data frames do not include a QoS information element (IE), which is part of some management frames that indicate QoS capabilities or parameters, not data frames. QoS Data frames do not include an
802.1Q VLAN tag, which is part of some Ethernet frames that indicate VLAN membership or priority, not wireless frames.

NEW QUESTION # 147
When evaluating modulation and coding schemes, you must determine the best coding rate available.
In 802.11 MCS tables, what is the best coding rate from the perspective of highest data rates?

A. 2/3
B. 5/6
C. 3/4
D. 1/2

Answer: B

NEW QUESTION # 148
Given: Before installing a Wi-Fi network, ABC Company performed a spectrum analysis looking for problems. The 2.4 GHz RF spectrum looked like Image-A. After installing an ERP WLAN, ABC Company performed another spectrum analysis during business hours. The 2.4 GHz RF spectrum then looked like Image-B close to an AP on channel 1.

Now the 2.4 GHz RF spectrum looks like Image-C and access points and clients can no longer communicate on channel 1. What is happening on channel 1?

A. Stronger transmissions from licensed 2.4 GHz users, such as HAM operators, are compressing the transmissions from the channel 1 access points into the lower portion of the band.
B. A high-power, narrowband RF interference source on channel 1 is causing the CCA energydetects(ED) function on 802.11 devices to indicate a busy medium because the signal source is above the ED threshold.
C. The shape of the signals in images B and C indicates that a licensed user in this frequency range has enabled the "guard bands" in an effort to restrict local interference with other systems.
D. Detection of a DFS radar event has discontinued 802.11 operation on channel 1, but the access point's Channel Switch Announcement frame cannot be sent due to the presence of radar.
E. The access point's antenna connectors have been tampered with, causing "spike and shear" RF transmissions that are not compatible with the OFDM PHY format. For that reason, client devices cannot receive the AP's transmissions without error.

Answer: B

NEW QUESTION # 149
Recently, three rogue APs have been connected to the network and later discovered. You want to prevent future rogue AP installations as much as possible.
What is the first step to eliminating or reducing rogue APs on the network?

A. Create a hash of the MAC addresses of all authorized devices and continually scan for non- matching hashes
B. Define a direct policy that stipulates the ramifications of installing unauthorized devices
C. Enable rogue detection in the existing authorized APs
D. Use IPSec between every AP and the network infrastructure

Answer: C

NEW QUESTION # 150
......

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